【运维笔记】vSphere为已运行的Linux虚拟机扩展磁盘容量

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准备工作

分配一台虚拟机，本次操作分配的资源是：1核/1GRAM/40G的虚拟机
安装系统，该机器安装的是Ubuntu Server 16 x64 版本

查看当前虚拟机磁盘空间

root@ubuntu:~# df -h
Filesystem                   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev                         468M     0  468M   0% /dev
tmpfs                         98M  4.6M   93M   5% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root   38G  2.0G   34G   6% /
tmpfs                        488M     0  488M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                        5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
tmpfs                        488M     0  488M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                    472M   58M  391M  13% /boot
tmpfs                         98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0

本次的目标主要是扩展/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root的容量，我们将其从38G扩展到60G。

向虚拟机分配新的磁盘空间

这个地方有两种操作方式：

直接编辑当前虚拟机磁盘大小
新增一块磁盘

直接编辑磁盘大小

关机，然后编辑磁盘大小

开启虚拟机，然后查看磁盘

root@ubuntu:~# df -h
  Filesystem                   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
  udev                         468M     0  468M   0% /dev
  tmpfs                         98M  4.6M   93M   5% /run
  /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root   38G  2.0G   34G   6% /
  tmpfs                        488M     0  488M   0% /dev/shm
  tmpfs                        5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
  tmpfs                        488M     0  488M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
  /dev/sda1                    472M   58M  391M  13% /boot
  tmpfs                         98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0

发现跟最初查看时并没有什么变化。这是因为我们上面加入的磁盘只是扩展了空间，并没有挂载上去。

但是我们可以通过以下命令查看，虚拟机实际拥有的磁盘空间：

root@ubuntu:~# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/ram0: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram1: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram2: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram3: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram4: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram5: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram6: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram7: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram8: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram9: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram10: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram11: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram12: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram13: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram14: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/ram15: 64 MiB, 67108864 bytes, 131072 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes


Disk /dev/sda: 60 GiB, 64424509440 bytes, 125829120 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x183be081

Device     Boot   Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *       2048   999423   997376  487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2       1001470 83884031 82882562 39.5G  5 Extended
/dev/sda5       1001472 83884031 82882560 39.5G 8e Linux LVM




Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root: 38.5 GiB, 41326477312 bytes, 80715776 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-swap_1: 1020 MiB, 1069547520 bytes, 2088960 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

说明：

Disk /dev/ram0 到 Disk /dev/ram15 为内存空间，由于我们的物理上有16块内存条，当前虚拟机分配的是1G内存，这16个内存空间分别来自16块内存条。
Disk /dev/sda 表示虚拟机实际拥有的磁盘空间。
接下来的Device列表展示的是系统分区，一个主分区，一个扩展分区，我们需要扩展的是id为5的扩展分区。
接下来两个Disk展示的是root分区和交换分区的相关信息。

为了扩展/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root的空间，我们需要对LVM进行操作。

添加新的磁盘

等待添加完成重启，然后使用fdisk -l命令查看，既可看到一个新的硬盘，可能名称为：/dev/sdb。

root@ubuntu:~# fdisk -l
...
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
...

LVM 扩容

使用fdisk命令划分新的空间

root@ubuntu:~# fdisk /dev/sda

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.27.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (2 primary, 1 extended, 1 free)
   l   logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): p

Selected partition 4
First sector (83884032-125829119, default 83884032): 83884032
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (83884032-125829119, default 125829119): 125829119

Created a new partition 4 of type 'Linux' and of size 20 GiB.

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Re-reading the partition table failed.: Device or resource busy

The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8).

说明：

fdisk /dev/sda中的/dev/sda是物理磁盘名称，如果是新增的一块磁盘，那么就需要使用新的名称，比如：/dev/sdb
在出现上述结果之前，我还进行了一次同样的操作。本次操作没有让输入分区编号，上一次的时候手动输入了默认编号3。

使用`fdisk -l`查看新创建的分区

root@ubuntu:~# fdisk -l
...
Device     Boot    Start       End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *        2048    999423   997376  487M 83 Linux
/dev/sda2        1001470  83884031 82882562 39.5G  5 Extended
/dev/sda3         999424   1001469     2046 1023K 83 Linux
/dev/sda4       83884032 125829119 41945088   20G 83 Linux
/dev/sda5        1001472  83884031 82882560 39.5G 8e Linux LVM
...

其中/dev/sda3和/dev/sda4为新建的分区。

重启服务。

创建物理卷

root@ubuntu:~# pvcreate /dev/sda4
  Physical volume "/dev/sda4" successfully created

查看原VG情况

root@ubuntu:~# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               ubuntu-vg
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  3
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               39.52 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              10117
  Alloc PE / Size       10108 / 39.48 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       9 / 36.00 MiB
  VG UUID               EnOwTF-LaTQ-6JlW-efYJ-HtXv-dUEt-sKsKi9

扩展VG，将新的物理卷加入VG

root@ubuntu:~# vgextend ubuntu-vg /dev/sda4
  Volume group "ubuntu-vg" successfully extended

这里面的ubuntu-vg就是在vgdisplay命令中展示的VG Name。

此时再查看VG Size会发现已经增加了。

将新的VG空间加入到指定LV中

上面我们已经说过，我们需要扩展的是/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root。所以，命令如下：

root@ubuntu:~# lvextend -L +20G /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root
  Size of logical volume ubuntu-vg/root changed from 38.49 GiB (9853 extents) to 58.49 GiB (14973 extents).
  Logical volume root successfully resized.

重新定义分区大小

root@ubuntu:~# resize2fs /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root
resize2fs 1.42.13 (17-May-2015)
Filesystem at /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 3, new_desc_blocks = 4
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root is now 15332352 (4k) blocks long.

再次查看磁盘使用量

root@ubuntu:~# df -h
Filesystem                   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev                         468M     0  468M   0% /dev
tmpfs                         98M  4.6M   93M   5% /run
/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root   58G  2.0G   53G   4% /
tmpfs                        488M     0  488M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                        5.0M     0  5.0M   0% /run/lock
tmpfs                        488M     0  488M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                    472M   58M  391M  13% /boot
tmpfs                         98M     0   98M   0% /run/user/0

到此我们已经顺利的将/dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-root扩展了20G。

参见：《# VMware vSphere Client下增加虚拟机磁盘空间的方法》

参见：《# Linux磁盘扩容LVM》

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